Green Freeze-dried Gelatin Hydrogel Nanoparticles for Multifunctional Biomedical Applications
J. Environ. Nanotechnol., Volume 15, No 2 (June 2026) pp. 249-259
Abstract
This paper reports green synthesis of gelatin hydrogel nanoparticles using a freeze-drying method, along with their applications in gastric cancer treatment, bisphenol A (BPA) sensing and nursing. The synthesized nanoparticles exhibited a uniform morphology, with particle sizes ranging from 125 to 150 nm, and demonstrated high biocompatibility. The drug loading was 90.8% for doxorubicin and 86.7% for paclitaxel, indicating efficient encapsulation within the hydrogel matrix. The drug release profiles showed sustained behavior. Doxorubicin exhibited a release of 35.6%, while paclitaxel showed releases of 45.3%, 65.2%, and 88.9% at 24, 48, and 72 hours, respectively. Porosity was found to depend on concentration. The highest porosity of 75% was observed at 7%, while values of 67% at 0% and 68% at 12% were also recorded. Concentration improved the tensile strength to the highest at 1.56 MPa at high loading conditions. Degradation analysis showed values of 0.25%, 0.4%, and 0.3% at 3, 7 and 12 %, respectively, indicating good structural stability. Bayesian optimization combined with artificial neural network achieved near-perfect prediction accuracy (R = 1.000, error <1%), confirming its effectiveness in modeling and optimizing nanoparticle performance. These results indicate that gelatin hydrogel nanoparticles offer a sustainable and multifunctional system of controlled drug delivery, sensing, and biomedical applications.
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