Study of Antimicrobial Performance of green synthesized TiO2 Nanostructures against Clostridium perfringens and Salmonella typhimurium
J. Environ. Nanotechnol., Volume 14, No 4 (December 2025) pp. 136-142
Abstract
This study explores the green synthesis of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanostructures using Calotropis gigantea leaf extracts as a reducing and stabilizing agent. The synthesized TiO2 nanostructures were thoroughly characterized using XRD, UV-visible spectroscopy, FTIR, SEM, and EDX. The XRD analysis confirmed the anatase phase of TiO2 with an average crystallite size of 6.4 nm. The FTIR spectra identified functional groups associated with the plant extract and TiO2 nanoparticles, while SEM revealed rectangular-shaped nanostructures with some agglomeration. The EDX analysis confirmed the elemental composition, predominantly titanium and oxygen, with minimal impurities. Antimicrobial assays demonstrated the effectiveness of green-synthesized TiO2 against Clostridium perfringens (Gram-positive) and Salmonella typhimurium (Gram-negative). The nanoparticles exhibited the highest zone of inhibition against Salmonella typhimurium. These results underline the potential of C. gigantea as a green synthesis agent for TiO2 nanostructures, offering a sustainable and efficient approach to antimicrobial applications.
Full Text
Reference
Anasari, M., Ahmed, S., Abbasi, A., Tajammal, K. M., Subhan, M., Bukhri, N. A., Hatameh, A. A. and Abdelsalam, N. R., Plant mediated fabrication of silver nanoparticle, process optimization and impact on tomoto plant, Sci. Rep., 18048 (2023).
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-45038-x
Azizi, L. M., Ehsani, A., Divband, B. and Alizadeh, S. M., Antimicrobial activity of Titanium dioxide and Zinc oxide nanoparticles supported in 4A zeolite and evaluation the morphological characteristic, Sci. Rep., 9, 17439 (2019).
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-54025-0
Bian, F., Zhang, X. Z., Wang, Z. H., Wu, Q., Hu, H. and Xu, J. J., Preparation and size characterization of silver nanoparticles produced by femtosecond laser ablation in water, Chin. Phys. Lett., 25 (12), 4463-4465 (2008).
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10904-019-01173-5
Dubey, R. S. and Saravanan, S., Ultraviolet and visible reflective TiO2/SiO2 thin films on silicon using sol-gel spin coater, Nanosys. Phy. Chem. Math., 12 (3), 311-316 (2021).
https://doi.org/10.17586/2220-8054-2021-12-3-311-316
Helen, R. V. and Ambrose R. J., Green fabrication of titanium dioxide nanoparticles and their applications in photocatalytic dye degradation and microbial activites, Chem. Phys. Impact., 6, 100197(2023).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chphi.2023.100197
Jayanta, K. and Kwang, H. B., Green Nanobiotechnology: Factors affecting synthesis and Characterization Techniques, J. Nanomater., 1, 417305 (2014).
https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/417305
Jayaprakash, M., Sivasubramaniam, S. S., David, E. and Santhakumar, K., Green supercapacitors: Review and Perspective on sustainable template-free synthesis of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles, RSC Sustain., 1224-1245 (2024).
https://doi.org/10.1039/D4SU00009A
Kaur, A., Batish, D. R., Kaur, S. and Chauhan, B. S., An overview of the characteristics and potential of calotropisprocera from botanical, ecological and economic perspective, Front. Plant Sci., 12, 690806 (2021).
https://doi.org/10.36721/PJPS.2020.33.6.sup.2801-2807.1
Manda, A. A., Drmosh, Q. A., Elsayed, K. A.,Al-Alotaibi, A. L., Olanrewaju A. I., Onaizi, S. A., Dafalla, H. D. M. and Elhassan, A., Highly efficient UV-visible absorption of TiO2/Y2O3 nanocomposite prepared by nanosecond pulsed laser ablation technique, Arabian J. Chem., 15, 104004 (2022).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.104004
Meenakshi, S., Tandon, S., Aggarwal, V., Bhat, K. G., Kappadi, D., Chandrasekhar, P. and Dorwal, R., Evaluation of antibacterial activity of calotrpisgigentica against streptococcus mutans and lactobacillus acidophilus: An in vitro comparative study, J. Conserv. Dent., 18(6), 4577-460 (2015).
https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-0707.168809
Negi, D. and Bisht, A. S., A review on brief study of calotropis gigantean Linn., J. Drug Delivery therapeutics, 11(5), 224-228 (2022).
http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v11i5.5008
Nejhad, A. A., Behbahani, B. A., Hojjati, M., Vasiee, A. and Mehrnia, M. A., Identification of phytochemical, antioxidant, anticancer and antimicrobial potential of Calotropis procera leaf aqueous extract, Sci. Rep., 13, 14716 (2023).
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-42086-1
Priyanka, A., Ganesh, K., Suresh, G. and Anjali, R., Synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles by electrochemical method and their antibacterial application, Arabian J. Chem., 12, 1815-1822 (2019).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2014.12.015
Rafique, M., Jahangir, J., Ahmad, Z. A. B., Bilal, T. M., Nabi, G., Isa, K. M., Khalid, N. R., Gillani, S. S. A. and Sadaf, I., Investigation of photocatalytic and seed germination effects of TiO2 Nanoparticles synthesized by Melia azadarach L. Leaf extract, J. Inorg. Organomet. Polym. Mater., 29, 2133-2144(2019).
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10904-019-01173-5
Ramzan, M., Obodo, R. M., Shahzad, M. I., Mukhtar, S., Ilyas, S. Z. and Mahmood, T., Green synthesis of Cu@TiO2 via cedrus deodara leaf extract: A novel composite with high photocatalytic and antibacterial activity”, Curr. Res. Green Sustain. Chem., 4, 100137 (2021).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crgsc.2021.100137
Saif, M. H. Q., Hamid, M. G., Huda, S. B.,Abrar, F. B. A., Khulod, K. A. and Abdullah, S. A., Successful growth of TiO2 nanocrystals with {001} facets for solar cells, Nanomater., 13(5), 928(2023).
https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13050928
Sallem, F., Villatte, L., Geffroy, P., Goglio, G. and Pagnoux, C., Surface modification of titania nanoparticles by catechol derivative molecules: preparation of concentrated suspensions, Colloids Surf., A, 602, 125167(2020).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.125167
Saravanan, S. and Dubey, R. S., Optical and morphological studies of TiO2 nanoparticles prepared by sol-gel method, Mater. Today Proc., 47(9), 1811-1814 (2021).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.03.207
Saravanan, S., Functional, structural and morphological property of green synthesized silver nanoparticles using azadirachta indica leaf extract, Mater. Today Proc., 47(9), 1815-1818 (2021).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.03.227
Shopna, R., Kalaivanan, P., Sivagnanam, I. and Rajamanickam, M., Antioxidant, antimicrobial activities and GC-MS analysis of Calotropis gigantea white flowers, J. Phytopharma., 3(6), 405-409 (2014).
https://www.phytopharmajournal.com/Vol3_Issue6_06.pdf
Singh, H., Desimone, M. F., Pandya, S., Jasani, S., George, N., Adnan, M., Aldarhami, A., Bazaid, A. S., and Alderhami, S. A., Revisiting the green synthesis of Nanoparticles: Uncovering influences of plant extracts as reducing agents for enhanced synthesis efficiency and its biomedical applications, Int. J. Nanomed., 18, 4727-4750 (2023).
https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S419369
Waseem, A., Preliminary phytochemical, antimicrobial and photochemical study of calotrop gigantea leaf extract, Chem. Lett., 9, 105-112 (2020).
https://doi.org/10.5267/j.ccl.2019.10. 001
Ying, S., Guan, Z., Ofoegbu, P.C., Clubb, P., Guan, C., He, F. and Hong, J., Green synthesis of nanoparticles: Current developments and limitations, Environ. Technol. Innov., 26, 102336 (2022).
