Silica Nanoparticles: Unlocking New Possibilities for Soil and Water Remediation
J. Environ. Nanotechnol., Volume 14, No 4 (December 2025) pp. 360-379
Abstract
The accelerating pace of industrialization and urbanization has led to profound environmental degradation, marked by the widespread contamination of soil and water resources with heavy metals, organic pollutants, and pathogenic microorganisms. These pollutants pose serious public health risks, contributing to millions of premature deaths globally through cardiovascular diseases, respiratory disorders, and waterborne diseases. While conventional remediation methods (physical, chemical, and biological) have contributed significantly to pollution control, they are often hindered by high operational costs, limited efficiency, and the generation of hazardous byproducts. Nano-remediation has emerged as a cutting-edge solution, offering superior efficiency through the use of highly reactive nanoparticles. Among these, silica nanoparticles (SiO₂ NPs) offer notable advantages due to their environmental compatibility, ease of functionalization, and capacity to support multiple remediation pathways. Their ability to facilitate adsorption, catalytic degradation, photocatalysis, and pollutant immobilization positions them as a versatile platform for soil and water cleanup. Continued advances in synthesis, modification strategies, and safety assessment are essential to maximize their performance while minimizing environmental risks. This review synthesizes current applications of SiO₂ NPs in remediating diverse contaminants, critically compares their performance with other nanomaterials, and highlights existing challenges, ecological considerations, and knowledge gaps requiring further investigation to guide their sustainable use in environmental remediation.
Full Text
Reference
Abbasi, M., Synthesis and characterization of magnetic nanocomposite of chitosan/SiO2/carbon nanotubes and its application for dyes removal, J. Cleaner Prod., 145, 105-113 (2017).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.01.046
Afzali, T. M., Alaei, M., Bazmi, M., Khojasteh, R. R., Koolivand-Salooki, M., Motiee, F.and Rashidi, A. M., Facile and economical preparation method of nanoporous graphene/silica nanohybrid and evaluation of its Pickering emulsion properties for Chemical Enhanced oil Recovery (C-EOR), Fuel, 206, 453-466 (2017).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2017.05.102
Ahmad, A. L., Majid, M. A. and Ooi, B. S., Functionalized PSf/SiO2 nanocomposite membrane for oil-in-water emulsion separation, Desalin., 268(1-3), 266-269 (2011).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2010.10.017
Alazaiza, M. Y. D., Albahnasawi, A., Ali, G. A. M., Bashir, M. J. K., Copty, N. K., Amr, S. S. A., Abushammala, M. F. M. and Al Maskari, T., Recent Advances of Nanoremediation Technologies for Soil and Groundwater Remediation: A Review, Water, 13(16), 2186 (2021).
https://doi.org/10.3390/w13162186
Ale, A., Gutierrez, M. F., Rossi, A. S., Bacchetta, C., Desimone, M. F. and Cazenave, J., Ecotoxicity of silica nanoparticles in aquatic organisms: An updated review, Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 87, 103689 (2021).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2021.103689
Al-Ghouti, M. A., Khraisheh, M. A., Allen, S. J.and Ahmad, M. N., The removal of dyes from textile wastewater: a study of the physical characteristics and adsorption mechanisms of diatomaceous earth, J. environ. Manage., 69(3), 229–238 (2003).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2003.09.005
Alotaibi, K. M., Shiels, L., Lacaze, L., Peshkur, T. A., Anderson, P., Machala, L., Critchley, K., Patwardhan, S. V. and Gibson, L. T., Iron supported on bioinspired green silica for water remediation, Chem. Sci., 8(1), 567–576 (2017).
https://doi.org/10.1039/c6sc02937j
Altaf, M. F., Peng, B., Irfan, H. M., Miao, Z.,Ousseini, O. S., He, J. and Aryanfar, Y., Sustainable oil-water separation via hydrophobic nano-modified cationic polyacrylamide: Enhanced efficiency and eco-friendly applications, J. Ind. Chem. Soc., 102026(2025).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jics.2025.102026
Ambrosone, A., Scotto di Vettimo, M. R.,Malvindi, M. A., Roopin, M., Levy, O.,Marchesano, V., Pompa, P. P., Tortiglione, C.and Tino, A., Impact of Amorphous SiO2 Nanoparticles on a Living Organism: Morphological, Behavioral, and Molecular Biology Implications, Front. bioeng. biotechnol., 2, 37 (2014).
https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2014.00037
An, M., Li, M., Xi, J. and Liu, H., Silica Nanoparticle as a Lymph Node Targeting Platform for Vaccine Delivery, ACS appl. Mater. Interf., 9(28), 23466–23475 (2017).
https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b06024
Anjum, A., Mazari, S. A., Hashmi, Z., Jatoi, A. S.,Abro, R., Bhutto, A. W., Mubarak, N. M.,Dehghani, M. H., Karri, R. R., Mahvi, A. H.and Nasseri, S., A review of novel green adsorbents as a sustainable alternative for the remediation of chromium (VI) from water environments, Heliyon, 9(5), e15575 (2023).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15575
Awashra, M. and Młynarz, P., The toxicity of nanoparticles and their interaction with cells: an in vitro metabolomic perspective, Nanoscale Adv., 5(10), 2674-2723(2023).
https://doi.org/10.1039/D2NA00534D
Awual, M. R., Hasan, M. M., Khaleque, M. A. and Sheikh, M. C., Treatment of copper (II) containing wastewater by a newly developed ligand based facial conjugate materials, Chem. Eng. J., 288, 368-376 (2016a).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2015.11.108
Awual, M. R., Ring size dependent crown ether based mesoporous adsorbent for high cesium adsorption from wastewater, Chem. Eng. J., 303, 539-546 (2016b).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2016.06.040
Awual, M. R., Yaita, T., Suzuki, S. and Shiwaku, H., Ultimate selenium (IV) monitoring and removal from water using a new class of organic ligand based composite adsorbent, J. hazard. Mater., 291, 111–119 (2015).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.02.066
Badiei, A., Mirahsani, A., Shahbazi, A., Younesi, H.and Alizadeh, M., Adsorptive removal of toxic dye from aqueous solution and real industrial effluent by tris (2‐aminoethyl) amine functionalized nanoporous silica, Environ. Prog. Sustainable Energy, 33(4), 1242-1250 (2014).
https://doi.org/10.1002/ep.11923
Balati, A., Shahbazi, A., Amini, M. M.and Hashemi, S. H., Adsorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from wastewater by using silica-based organic–inorganic nanohybrid material, J. Water Reuse Desalin., 5(1), 50-63 (2015).
https://doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2014.013
Bao, S., Li, K., Ning, P., Peng, J., Jin, X. and Tang, L., Highly effective removal of mercury and lead ions from wastewater by mercaptoamine-functionalised silica-coated magnetic nano-adsorbents: behaviours and mechanisms, Appl. Surf. Sci., 393, 457-466 (2017).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.09.098
Bhat, J. A., Rajora, N., Raturi, G., Sharma, S., Dhiman, P., Sanand, S., Shivaraj, S. M., Sonah, H.and Deshmukh, R., Silicon nanoparticles (SiNPs) in sustainable agriculture: major emphasis on the practicality, efficacy and concerns, Nanoscale adv., 3(14), 4019–4028 (2021).
https://doi.org/10.1039/d1na00233c
Biradar, A. I., Sarvalkar, P. D., Teli, S. B., Pawar, C. A., Patil, P. S. and Prasad, N. R., Photocatalytic degradation of dyes using one-step synthesized silica nanoparticles, Mater. Today: Proc., 43, 2832-2838 (2021).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.11.946
Book, F., Ekvall, M. T., Persson, M., Lönnerud, S., Lammel, T., Sturve, J. and Backhaus, T., Ecotoxicity screening of seven different types of commercial silica nanoparticles using cellular and organismic assays: Importance of surface and size, NanoImpact, 13, 100-111 (2019).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.impact.2019.01.001
Cervantes, F. J. and Ramírez, M. L. A., Immobilized nanomaterials for environmental applications. Mol., 27(19), 6659(2022).
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27196659
Che, H. X., Yeap, S. P., Ahmad, A. L. and Lim, J., Layer-by-layer assembly of iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles decorated silica colloid for water remediation, Chem. Eng. J., 243, 68-78 (2014).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2013.12.095
Chircov, C., Spoială, A., Păun, C., Crăciun, L., Ficai, D., Ficai, A., Andronescu, E. and Turculeƫ, Ș. C., Mesoporous silica platforms with potential applications in release and adsorption of active agents, Mol., 25(17), 3814 (2020).
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25173814
Cho, S., Kim, N., Lee, S., Lee, H., Lee, S. H., Kim, J., and Choi, J. W., Use of hybrid composite particles prepared using alkoxysilane-functionalized amphiphilic polymer precursors for simultaneous removal of various pollutants from water, Chemosphere, 156, 302–311 (2016).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.05.004
Chuang, S. H., Chang, T. C., Ouyang, C. F.and Leu, J. M., Colloidal silica removal in coagulation processes for wastewater reuse in a high-tech industrial park, Water Sci. Technol., 55(1-2), 187-195(2007).
https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.054
Crini, G. and Morcellet, M., Synthesis and applications of adsorbents containing cyclodextrins, J. Sep. Sci., 25(13), 789-813 (2002).
https://doi.org/10.1002/1615-9314(20020901)25:13%3C789::AID-JSSC789%3E3.0.CO;2-J
Cruz-Quesada, G., Rosales-Reina, B., Velo-Gala, I., Fernández-Poyatos, M. D. P., Álvarez, M. A., García-Ruiz, C. and Garrido, J. J., Photocatalytic Enhancement of Anatase Supported on Mesoporous Modified Silica for the Removal of Carbamazepine, Nanomater., 15(19), 1533(2025).
https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15191533
Da'na, E., Adsorption of heavy metals on functionalized-mesoporous silica: A review, Microporous Mesoporous Mater., 247, 145-157 (2017).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2017.03.050
Das, S. K., Khan, M. M. R., Parandhaman, T., Laffir, F., Guha, A. K., Sekaran, G. and Mandal, A. B., Nano-silica fabricated with silver nanoparticles: antifouling adsorbent for efficient dye removal, effective water disinfection and biofouling control, Nanoscale, 5(12), 5549-5560 (2013).
https://doi.org/10.1039/C3NR00856H
Dey, N., Bhardwaj, S. and Maji, P. K., Recent breakthroughs in the valorization of lignocellulosic biomass for advancements in the construction industry: a review. RSC Sustainability, 3(8), 3307-3357(2025).
https://doi.org/10.1039/D5SU00142K
Deshmukh, R., Sethi, P., Singh, B., Shiekmydeen, J., Salave, S., Patel, R. J., Ali, N., Rashid, S.,Elossaily, G. M. and Kumar, A., Recent Review on Biological Barriers and Host-Material Interfaces in Precision Drug Delivery: Advancement in Biomaterial Engineering for Better Treatment Therapies, Pharm., 16(8), 1076 (2024).
https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16081076
Di Natale, F., Gargiulo, V. and Alfè, M., Adsorption of heavy metals on silica-supported hydrophilic carbonaceous nanoparticles (SHNPs), J. hazard. Mater., 393, 122374 (2020).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122374
Dill, H. G., The geology of aluminium phosphates and sulphates of the alunite group minerals: a review, Earth-Sci. Rev., 53(1-2), 35-93 (2001).
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-8252(00)00035-0
Ding, R., Li, Y., Yu, Y., Sun, Z. and Duan, J., Prospects and hazards of silica nanoparticles: Biological impacts and implicated mechanisms, Biotechnol. adv., 69, 108277 (2023).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108277
Doğan, M. and Alkan, M., Removal of methyl violet from aqueous solution by perlite, J. colloid interface sci., 267(1), 32–41 (2003).
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9797(03)00579-4
Dong, X., Wu, Z., Li, X., Xiao, L., Yang, M., Li, Y., Duan, J. and Sun, Z., The Size-dependent Cytotoxicity of Amorphous Silica Nanoparticles: A Systematic Review of in vitro Studies, Int. J. Nanomed., 15, 9089–9113 (2020).
https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S276105
Dorcheh, A. S. and Abbasi, M. H., Silica aerogel; synthesis, properties and characterization, J. Mater. Proce. Technol., 199(1-3), 10-26(2008).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2007.10.060
Duan, J., Yu, Y., Yu, Y., Li, Y., Wang, J., Geng, W.and Sun, Z., Silica nanoparticles induce autophagy and endothelial dysfunction via the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, Int. J. Nanomed., 5131-5141(2014).
https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S71074
Dutta, D., Thakur, D. and Bahadur, D., SnO2 quantum dots decorated silica nanoparticles for fast removal of cationic dye (methylene blue) from wastewater, Chem. Eng. J., 281, 482-490 (2015).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2015.06.110
Elizondo V. N., Gandara-Martínez, E.,García-Méndez, M., Gracia-Pinilla, M.,Guzmán-Hernández, A. M., Castaño, V. M.and Gómez-Rodríguez, C., Synthesis and Characterization of SiO2 Nanoparticles for Application as Nanoadsorbent to Clean Wastewater, Coat., 14(7), 919 (2024).
https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14070919
El-Shafey, S. E., Obada, M. K., El-Shamy, A. M.and Mohamed, W. S., Silica/klucel nanocomposite as promising durable adsorbent for lead removal from industrial effluents, Sci. rep., 14(1), 26095 (2024).
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-74680-2
Faust, S. D. and Aly, O. M., Chemistry of water treatment, CRC press, 1-600 (2018).
Feng, L., Yang, X., Shi, Y., Liang, S., Zhao, T., Duan, J. and Sun, Z., Co-exposure subacute toxicity of silica nanoparticles and lead acetate on cardiovascular system, Int. J. Nanomed., 13, 7819–7834 (2018).
https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S185259
Filho, C. M. C., Matias, T., Duraes, L. and Valente, A. J., Efficient simultaneous removal of petroleum hydrocarbon pollutants by a hydrophobic silica aerogel-like material, Colloids Surf. A: Physicochem. Eng. Aspects, 520, 550-560 (2017).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2017.02.018
Fu, X., Chen, X., Wang, J. and Liu, J., Fabrication of carboxylic functionalized superparamagnetic mesoporous silica microspheres and their application for removal basic dye pollutants from water, Microporous Mesoporous Mater., 139(1-3), 8-15 (2011).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2010.10.004
Gazzano, E., Ghiazza, M., Polimeni, M., Bolis, V., Fenoglio, I., Attanasio, A., Mazzucco, G., Fubini, B. and Ghigo, D., Physicochemical determinants in the cellular responses to nanostructured amorphous silicas, Toxicol. Sci.: official J. Soc. Toxicol., 128(1), 158–170 (2012).
https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfs128
Giwa, A., Yusuf, A., Balogun, H. A., Sambudi, N. S., Bilad, M. R., Adeyemi, I., Chakraborty, S. and Curcio, S., Recent advances in advanced oxidation processes for removal of contaminants from water: A comprehensive review, Process Saf. Environ. Prot., 146, 220-256 (2021).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2020.08.015
Godakhindi, V., Tarannum, M., Dam, S. K.and Vivero-Escoto, J. L., Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles as an Ideal Platform for Cancer Immunotherapy: Recent Advances and Future Directions, Adv. healthcare mater., 13(20), e2400323 (2024).
https://doi.org/10.1002/adhm.202400323
Gou, K., Wang, Y., Guo, X., Wang, Y., Bian, Y.,Zhao, H., Guo, Y., Pang, Y., Xie, L., Li, S. and Li, H., Carboxyl-functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles for the controlled delivery of poorly water-soluble non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Acta biomater., 134, 576–592 (2021).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2021.07.023
Guerra, F. D., Attia, M. F., Whitehead, D. C.and Alexis, F., Nanotechnology for environmental remediation: materials and applications, Mol., 23(7), 1760 (2018).
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23071760
Guo, C., Liu, Y. and Li, Y., Adverse effects of amorphous silica nanoparticles: Focus on human cardiovascular health, J. hazard. Mater., 406, 124626 (2021).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124626
Guo, C., Yang, M., Jing, L. I., Wang, J., Yu, Y., Li, Y. and Sun, Z., Amorphous silica nanoparticles trigger vascular endothelial cell injury through apoptosis and autophagy via reactive oxygen species-mediated MAPK/Bcl-2 and PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling, Int. J. Nanomed., 5257-5276(2016).
https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S112030
Guo, M., Xu, X., Yan, X., Wang, S., Gao, S. and Zhu, S., In vivo biodistribution and synergistic toxicity of silica nanoparticles and cadmium chloride in mice, J. hazard. Mater., 260, 780–788 (2013).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.06.040
Ha, H. T., Huong, N. T., Minh, T. D., Lee, B. K.,Rene, E. R., Bao Linh, T. V., Minh, H. D.,Quang, N. N., Mai, P. C. and Duc, N. Q., Feasibility study of Cd (II) adsorption by a novel magnetic-graphene oxide assisted with polymer from solution, J. Environ. Eng., 146(7), 04020060 (2020).
https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0001720
Han, H., Wei, W., Jiang, Z., Lu, J., Zhu, J. and Xie, J., Removal of cationic dyes from aqueous solution by adsorption onto hydrophobic/hydrophilic silica aerogel, Colloids Surf. A: Physicochem. and Eng. Aspects, 509, 539-549 (2016).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2016.09.056
Hasan, N., Imran, M., Jain, D., Jha, S. K., Nadaf, A., Chaudhary, A., Rafiya, K., Jha, L. A.,Almalki, W. H., Mohammed, Y., Kesharwani, P. and Ahmad, F. J., Advanced targeted drug delivery by bioengineered white blood cell-membrane camouflaged nanoparticulate delivery nanostructures, Environ. Res., 238(Pt 1), 117007 (2023).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2023.117007
Heponiemi, A., Pesonen, J., Hu, T., and Lassi, U., Alkali-activated materials as catalysts for water purification, Catal., 11(6), 664 (2021).
https://doi.org/10.3390/catal11060664
Huang, Q., Liu, M., Wan, Q., Jiang, R., Mao, L.,Zeng, G., Huang, H., Deng, F., Zhang, X.and Wei, Y., Preparation of polymeric silica composites through polydopamine-mediated surface initiated ATRP for highly efficient removal of environmental pollutants, Mater. Chem. Phys., 193, 501-511 (2017a).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2017.03.016
Huang, R., Wu, M., Zhang, T., Li, D., Tang, P.and Feng, Y., Template-free synthesis of large-pore-size porous magnesium silicate hierarchical nanostructures for high-efficiency removal of heavy metal ions, ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng., 5(3), 2774-2780 (2017b).
https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b00140
Ijaz, M., Aslam, B., Hasan, I., Ullah, Z., Roy, S.and Guo, B., Cell membrane-coated biomimetic nanomedicines: productive cancer theranostic tools, Biomater. Sci., 12(4), 863–895 (2024a).
https://doi.org/10.1039/d3bm01552a
Ijaz, M., Lv, L., Ahmed, T., Noman, M., Manan, A.,Ijaz, R. and Li, B., Immunomodulating melatonin-decorated silica nanoparticles suppress bacterial wilt (Ralstonia solanacearum) in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) through fine-tuning of oxidative signaling and rhizosphere bacterial community. J. Nanobiotechnol., 22(1), 1-22(2024b).
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-024-02910-w
Iranmanesh, M. and Hulliger, J., Magnetic separation: its application in mining, waste purification, medicine, biochemistry and chemistry, Chem. Soc. Rev., 46(19), 5925-5934 (2017).
https://doi.org/10.1039/C7CS00230K
Jal, P. K., Patel, S. and Mishra, B. K., Chemical modification of silica surface by immobilization of functional groups for extractive concentration of metal ions, Talanta, 62(5), 1005–1028 (2004).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2003.10.028
Jing, Q., Yi, Z., Lin, D., Zhu, L. and Yang, K., Enhanced sorption of naphthalene and p-nitrophenol by nano-SiO2 modified with a cationic surfactant, Water res., 47(12), 4006–4012 (2013).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2012.09.057
Jun, B. H., Nanotechnology for Bioapplications, Springer, 1309, 234-255 (2021).
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-6158-4
Kalidhasan, S. and Lee, H. Y., Preparation of TiO2-deposited silica-based catalysts for photocatalytic decomposition of chloro-pesticide to environmentally less toxic species, Chemosphere, 290, 133300 (2022).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133300
Karnwal, A. and Malik, T., Nano-revolution in heavy metal removal: engineered nanomaterials for cleaner water, Front. Environ. Sci., 12, 1393694 (2024).
https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2024.1393694
Khademolhosseini, R., Jafari, A., Mousavi, S. M., Manteghian, M. and Fakhroueian, Z., Synthesis of silica nanoparticles with different morphologies and their effects on enhanced oil recovery, Appl. Nanosci., 10(4), 1105-1114 (2020).
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13204-019-01222-y
Khan, Z. S., Rizwan, M., Hafeez, M., Ali, S., Adrees, M., Qayyum, M. F., Khalid, S., Ur Rehman, M. Z.and Sarwar, M. A., Effects of silicon nanoparticles on growth and physiology of wheat in cadmium contaminated soil under different soil moisture levels, Environ. Sci. pollut. Res. Int., 27(5), 4958–4968 (2019).
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06673-y
Khosravi, Z., Mohammadi, H. and Shaterian, H. R., Fe3O4@ SiO2@ sulfated boric acid as superparamagnetic and recyclable nanocatalyst‐assisted, one‐pot, pseudo four‐component synthesis of 5‐amino‐2‐aryl‐3H‐chromeno [4, 3, 2‐de][1, 6] naphthyridine‐4‐carbonitrile derivatives, J. Chinese Chem. Society, 66(12), 1641-1648(2019).
https://doi.org/10.1002/jccs.201900044
Krishnan, S., Chatterjee, S., Solanki, A., Guha, N., Singh, M. K., Gupta, A. K. and Rai, D. K., Aminotetrazole-functionalized SiO2 coated MgO nanoparticle composites for removal of acid fuchsin dye and detection of heavy metal ions, ACS Appl. Nano Mater., 3(11), 11203-11216 (2020).
https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.0c02351
Labulo, A. H., David, O. A., Hassan, I., Oseghale, C. O., Terna, A. D., Olawuni, I., Ndamadu, D. T.and Ajewole, T. O., Mobility inhibition of arsenic in the soil: the role of green synthesized silica nanoparticles, Int. J. Phytoremed., 26(10), 1683-1690 (2024).
https://doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2024.2348044
Lei, Y., Yang, G., Huang, Q., Dou, J., Dai, L., Deng, F., Liu, M., Li, X., Zhang, X. and Wei, Y., Facile synthesis of ionic liquid modified silica nanoparticles for fast removal of anionic organic dyes with extremely high adsorption capacity, J. Mol. Liq., 347, 117966 (2022).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2021.117966
Li, Y., Zhu, Y., Zhao, B., Yao, Q., Xu, H., Lv, S.,and Guo, C., Amorphous silica nanoparticles caused lung injury through the induction of epithelial apoptosis via ROS/Ca2+/DRP1-mediated mitochondrial fission signaling. Nanotoxicol., 16(6-8), 713-732 (2022).
https://doi.org/10.1080/17435390.2022.2144774
Li, H., Chen, X., Shen, D., Wu, F., Pleixats, R.and Pan, J., Functionalized silica nanoparticles: classification, synthetic approaches and recent advances in adsorption applications, Nanoscale, 13(38), 15998-16016 (2021).
https://doi.org/10.1039/D1NR04048K
Li, J., Zhou, Q., Liu, Y. and Lei, M., Recyclable nanoscale zero-valent iron-based magnetic polydopamine coated nanomaterials for the adsorption and removal of phenanthrene and anthracene, Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater., 18(1), 3-16 (2017).
https://doi.org/10.1080/14686996.2016.1246941
Lian, M., Feng, Q., Wang, L., Niu, L., Zhao, Z., Li, X. and Zhang, Z., Highly effective immobilization of Pb and Cd in severely contaminated soils by environment-compatible, mercapto-functionalized reactive nanosilica, J. Cleaner Prod., 235, 583-589 (2019).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.07.015
Lian, M., Wang, L., Feng, Q., Niu, L., Zhao, Z.,Wang, P., Song, C., Li, X. and Zhang, Z., Thiol-functionalized nano-silica for in-situ remediation of Pb, Cd, Cu contaminated soils and improving soil environment, Environ. Pollut., 280, 116879 (2021a).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116879
Lian, M., Wang, L., Feng, Q., Niu, L., Zhao, Z.,Wang, P., Song, C., Li, X. and Zhang, Z., Thiol-functionalized nano-silica for in-situ remediation of Pb, Cd, Cu contaminated soils and improving soil environment, Environ. Pollut, 280, 116879 (2021b).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116879
Liberman, A., Mendez, N., Trogler, W. C.and Kummel, A. C., Synthesis and surface functionalization of silica nanoparticles for nanomedicine, Surf. Sci. rep., 69(2-3), 132–158 (2014).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfrep.2014.07.001
Lin, L., Yang, H. and Xu, X., Effects of water pollution on human health and disease heterogeneity: a review, Front. Environ. Sci., 10, 880246 (2022).
https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.880246
Liu, B., Zhang, L., Wang, H. and Bian, Z., Preparation of MCC/MC silica sponge and its oil/water separation apparatus application, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 56(20), 5795-5801 (2017).
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.6b04854
Liu, Y., Fu, R., Sun, Y., Zhou, X., Baig, S. A.and Xu, X., Multifunctional nanocomposites Fe3O4@ SiO2-EDTA for Pb (II) and Cu (II) removal from aqueous solutions, Appl. Surf. Sci., 369, 267-276 (2016).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.02.043
Loche, D., Malfatti, L., Carboni, D., Alzari, V.,Mariani, A. and Casula, M. F., Incorporation of graphene into silica-based aerogels and application for water remediation, RSC adv., 6(71), 66516-66523 (2016).
https://doi.org/10.1039/C6RA09618B
Lu, F. and Astruc, D., Nanocatalysts and other nanomaterials for water remediation from organic pollutants, Coord. Chem. Rev., 408, 213180 (2020).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213180
Ma, W., Wang, X., Zhang, D. and Mu, X., Research Progress of Disulfide Bond Based Tumor Microenvironment Targeted Drug Delivery System, Int. J. Nanomed., 19, 7547–7566 (2024).
https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S471734
Madima, N., Mishra, S. B., Inamuddin, I.and Mishra, A. K., Carbon-based nanomaterials for remediation of organic and inorganic pollutants from wastewater, A rev. Environ. Chem. Lett., 18, 1169-1191 (2020).
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-020-01001-0
Mehmood, A., Khan, F. S. A., Mubarak, N. M.,Tan, Y. H., Karri, R. R., Khalid, M., Walvekar, R., Abdullah, E. C., Nizamuddin, S., and Mazari, S. A. Magnetic nanocomposites for sustainable water purification-a comprehensive review, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int., 28(16), 19563–19588 (2021).
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-12589-3
Mamun, M. A., Rumi, K. J. U., Das, H.and Hoque, S. M., Synthesis, properties and applications of silica-coated magnetite nanoparticles: a review, Nano, 16(04), 2130005 (2021).
https://doi.org/10.1142/S179329202130005X
Mann, R. A., Hossen, M. E., Withrow, A. D. M.,Burton, J. T., Blythe, S. M. and Evett, C. G., Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles-based Smart Nanocarriers for Targeted Drug Delivery in Colorectal Cancer Therapy, arXiv, 1-7, 18809, (2024).
https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2409.18809
Mansa, R. F., Sipaut, C. S., Rahman, I. A.,Yusof, N. S. M. and Jafarzadeh, M., Preparation of glycine–modified silica nanoparticles for the adsorption of malachite green dye, J. Porous Mater., 23, 35-46 (2016).
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10934-015-0053-3
Martínez, M., Lozano, D., Colilla, M.and Vallet-Regí, M., Lectin-conjugated pH-responsive mesoporous silica nanoparticles for targeted bone cancer treatment, Acta biomater., 65, 393–404 (2018a).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2017.11.007
Martínez, G., Balmori, A., Pontón, I., Martí del Rio, A. and Sánchez-García, D., Functionalized Ordered Mesoporous Silicas (MCM-41): Synthesis and Applications in Catalysis, Catal., 8(12), 617 (2018b).
https://doi.org/10.3390/catal8120617
Mazibuko, M. T., Onwubu, S. C., Mokhothu, T. H., Paul, V. and Mdluli, P. S., Unlocking Heavy Metal Remediation Potential: A Review of Cellulose–Silica Composites, Sustainability, 16(8), 3265 (2024).
https://doi.org/10.3390/su16083265
Meky, N., Salama, E., Soliman, M. F., Naeem, S. G., Ossman, M. and Elsayed, M., Synthesis of nano-silica oxide for heavy metal decontamination from aqueous solutions, Water, Air, Soil Pollut., 235(2), 154 (2024).
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-024-06944-6.
Mitra, S., Mukherjee, S., Sil, M., Adak, S., Maitra, P., Goswami, A. and Hessel, V., Role of mesoporous silica nanoparticles in combating mercury-induced stress in Vigna radiata (mung bean) and Bacillus coagulans (soil bacteria), Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 30(50), 109343-109353 (2023).
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-30088-5
Moghaddam, S. A. E., Harun, R., Mokhtar, M. N.and Zakaria, R., Kinetic and equilibrium modeling for the biosorption of metal ion by Zeolite 13X-Algal-Alginate Beads (ZABs), J. Water Process Eng., 33, 101057 (2020).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2019.101057
Münzel, T., Hahad, O., Daiber, A. and Landrigan, P. J., Soil and water pollution and human health: what should cardiologists worry about?, Cardiovasc. Res., 119(2), 440–449 (2023).
https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/cvac082
Nayl, A. A., Abd-Elhamid, A. I., Aly, A. A.and Bräse, S., Recent progress in the applications of silica-based nanoparticles, RSC adv., 12(22), 13706–13726 (2022).
https://doi.org/10.1039/d2ra01587k
Nayl, A. A., Abd-Elhamid, A. I., Arafa, W. A., Ahmed, I. M., AbdEl-Rahman, A. M., Soliman, H. M. A., Abdelgawad, M. A., Ali, H. M., Aly, A. A. and Bräse, S., A novel P@ SiO2 nano-composite as effective adsorbent to remove methylene blue dye from aqueous media, Mater., 16(2), 514 (2023).
https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16020514
Nguyen, T. T., Ma, H. T., Avti, P., Bashir, M. J., Ng, C. A., Wong, L. Y., Jun, H. K., Ngo, Q. M. and Tran, N. Q., Adsorptive removal of iron using SiO2 nanoparticles extracted from rice husk ash, J. anal. methods chem., 2019(1), 6210240 (2019).
https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/6210240
Nicolae, C. L., Pîrvulescu, D. C., Antohi, A. M., Niculescu, A. G., Grumezescu, A. M.and Croitoru, G. A., Silica nanoparticles in medicine: overcoming pathologies through advanced drug delivery, diagnostics, and therapeutic strategies, Rom. J. Morphol. Embryol., 65(2), 173–184 (2024).
https://doi.org/10.47162/RJME.65.2.03
Osornio, N. R., Torres-Ochoa, J. A.,Palma-Tirado, M. L., Jiménez-Islas, H.,Rosas-Cedillo, R., Fierro-Gonzalez, J. C.and Martínez-González, G. M., Study of the dehydroxylation of kaolinite and alunite from a Mexican clay with DRIFTS-MS, Clay Miner., 51(1), 55-68 (2016).
https://doi.org/10.1180/claymin.2016.051.1.05
Patra, A. S., Ghorai, S., Sarkar, D., Das, R., Sarkar, S. and Pal, S., Anionically functionalized guar gum embedded with silica nanoparticles: An efficient nanocomposite adsorbent for rapid adsorptive removal of toxic cationic dyes and metal ions, Bioresour. Technol., 225, 367–376 (2017).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2016.11.093
Petrache, V. S. N., Dinu, D., Sima, C., Hermenean, A., Ardelean, A., Codrici, E. and Dinischiotu, A., Silica nanoparticles induce oxidative stress and autophagy but not apoptosis in the MRC-5 cell line, Int. J. Mol. Sci., 16(12), 29398-29416(2015).
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms161226171
Peng, S., Liu, J., Pan, G., Qin, Y., Yang, Z., Yang, X., Gu, M., Zhu, Z. and Wei, Y., Combining SiO2 NPs with biochar: a novel composite for enhanced cadmium removal from wastewater and alleviation of soil cadmium stress, Environ. Geochem. Health, 46(11), 456 (2024).
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-024-02243-5
Popoola, L. T., Yusuff, A. S., Adejare, A. T. and Olasupo, S. B., Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue dye by magnetized TiO2-silica nanoparticles from rice husk, Appl. Water Sci., 14(2), 25 (2024).
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-023-02052-8
Punz, B., Johnson, L., Geppert, M., Dang, H. H.,Horejs-Hoeck, J., Duschl, A. and Himly, M., Surface Functionalization of Silica Nanoparticles: Strategies to Optimize the Immune-Activating Profile of Carrier Platforms, Pharma., 14(5), 1103 (2022).
https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14051103
Qasem, N. A. A., Mohammed, R. H. and Lawal, D. U., Removal of heavy metal ions from wastewater: A comprehensive and critical review, Npj Clean Water, 4(1), 1-15 (2021).
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41545-021-00127-0
Que, D. E., Hou, W. C., Ang, M. B. M. Y. and Lin, C. C., Toxic effects of hydroxyl-and amine-functionalized silica nanoparticles (SiO2 and NH2-SiO2 NPs) on Caenorhabditis elegans, Aerosol Air Qual. Res., 20(9), 1987-2020 (2020).
https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2020.04.0157
Rajput, V. D., Minkina, T., Feizi, M., Kumari, A.,Khan, M., Mandzhieva, S. and Choudhary, R., Effects of silicon and silicon-based nanoparticles on rhizosphere microbiome, plant stress and growth, Bio., 10(8), 791(2021).
https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10080791
Rathnayake, K., Patel, U., Hunt, E. C. and Singh, N., Fabrication of a Dual-Targeted Liposome-Coated Mesoporous Silica Core-Shell Nanoassembly for Targeted Cancer Therapy, ACS omega, 8(38), 34481–34498 (2023).
https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.3c02901
Rubio, L., Pyrgiotakis, G., Beltran-Huarac, J., Zhang, Y., Gaurav, J., Deloid, G, and Demokritou, P., Safer-by-design flame-sprayed silicon dioxide nanoparticles: the role of silanol content on ROS generation, surface activity and cytotoxicity, Particle Fib. Toxicol., 16(1), 40(2019).
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12989-019-0325-1
Sachan, D., Ramesh, A. and Das, G., Green synthesis of silica nanoparticles from leaf biomass and its application to remove heavy metals from synthetic wastewater. A comparative analysis, Environ. Nanotechnol., Monit. Manage., 16, 100467 (2021).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enmm.2021.100467
Samani, M., Ahlawat, Y. K., Golchin, A., Alikhani, H. A., Fathi-Gerdelidani, A., Ahlawat, U., Malik, A., Panwar, R., Maa, D. S., Ahmed, M., Thakur, P. and Mishra, S., Nano silica-mediated stabilization of heavy metals in contaminated soils, Sci. Rep., 14(1), 20496 (2024a).
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-69182-0
Samani, M., Ahlawat, Y. K., Golchin, A., Alikhani, H. A., Fathi-Gerdelidani, A., Ahlawat, U., Malik, A., Panwar, R., Maan, D. S., Ahmed, M., Thakur, P.and Mishra, S., Nano silica-mediated stabilization of heavy metals in contaminated soils, Sci. rep., 14(1), 20496 (2024b).
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-69182-0
Sanità, G., Carrese, B. and Lamberti, A., Nanoparticle Surface Functionalization: How to Improve Biocompatibility and Cellular Internalization, Front. Mol. Biosci., 7, 587012 (2020).
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmolb.2020.587012
Sarker, A., Masud, M. A. A., Deepo, D. M., Das, K., Nandi, R., Ansary, M. W. R., Islam, A. R. M. T.and Islam, T., Biological and green remediation of heavy metal contaminated water and soils: A state-of-the-art review, Chemosphere, 332, 138861 (2023).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138861
Scott, W. R. P., The silica-gel surface and its interactions with solvent and solute in liquid chromatography, In Faraday Symp. Chem. Soc., 15, 49-68 (2021).
https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003209706-4
Shao, P., Ren, Z., Tian, J., Gao, S., Luo, X., Shi, W., Yan, B., Li, J. and Cui, F., Silica hydrogel-mediated dissolution-recrystallization strategy for synthesis of ultrathin α-Fe2O3 nanosheets with highly exposed (1 1 0) facets: a superior photocatalyst for degradation of bisphenol S, Chem. Eng. J., 323, 64-73 (2017).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2017.04.069
Sharafi, Z., Bakhshi, B., Javidi, J. and Adrangi, S., Synthesis of silica-coated iron oxide nanoparticles: preventing aggregation without using additives or seed pretreatment, Iran. J. Pharm. Res., 17(1), 386-395 (2018).
Sharma, P., Kumari, R., Yadav, M. and Lal, R., Evaluation of TiO2 Nanoparticles Physicochemical Parameters Associated with their Antimicrobial Applications, Indian J. microbiol., 62(3), 338–350 (2022).
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-022-01018-9
Sharafi, S. and Salehi F., Comprehensive assessment of heavy metal (HMs) contamination and associated health risks in agricultural soils and groundwater proximal to industrial sites, Sci Rep., 15(1), 7518 (2025).
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-91453-7
Sheet, I., Kabbani, A. and Holail, H., Removal of heavy metals using nanostructured graphite oxide, silica nanoparticles and silica/graphite oxide composite, Energy proc., 50, 130-138 (2014).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2014.06.016
Shrestha, D., Nayaju, T., Kandel, M. R.,Pradhananga, R. R., Park, C. H. and Kim, C. S., Rice husk-derived mesoporous biogenic silica nanoparticles for gravity chromatography, Heliyon, 9(4), e15142 (2023).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15142
Singh, A., Roychoudhury, A. and Singh, I. K., Silicon Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Uptake, and Applications. John Wiley Sons (2025).
https://doi.org/10.1002/9781394261499.ch19
Singh, B., Na, J., Konarova, M., Wakihara, T., Yamauchi, Y., Salomon, C. and Gawande, M. B., Functional mesoporous silica nanomaterials for catalysis and environmental applications, Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan, 93(12), 1459-1496(2020).
https://doi.org/10.1246/bcsj.20200136
Soares, S. F., Rodrigues, M. I., Trindade, T.and Daniel-da-Silva, A. L., Chitosan-silica hybrid nanosorbents for oil removal from water, Colloids Surf. A: Physicochem. Eng. Aspects, 532, 305-313 (2017a).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2017.04.076
Soares, S. F., Simoes, T. R., Trindade, T. and Daniel-da-Silva, A. L., Highly efficient removal of dye from water using magnetic carrageenan/silica hybrid nano-adsorbents, Water, Air, Soil Pollut., 228, 1-11 (2017b).
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-017-3281-0
Soltani, R. D. C., Khataee, A. R., Safari, M. and Joo, S. W., Preparation of bio-silica/chitosan nanocomposite for adsorption of a textile dye in aqueous solutions, Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad., 85, 383-391 (2013).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2013.09.004
Swain, G. and Das, T., Nano-Bioremediation of Industrial Wastewater: Applications, Limitations, and Future Perspectives, Nanomaterials in Wastewater Research, Springer, 189-210 (2025).
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-3908-3_8
Tai, M. H., Gao, P., Tan, B. Y., Sun, D. D.and Leckie, J. O., Highly efficient and flexible electrospun carbon-silica nanofibrous membrane for ultrafast gravity-driven oil-water separation, ACS appl. Mater. interfaces, 6(12), 9393–9401 (2014).
https://doi.org/10.1021/am501758c
Tang, C., He, Z., Liu, H., Xu, Y., Huang, H., Yang, G., Xiao, Z., Li, S., Liu, H., Deng, Y., Chen, Z., Chen, H. and He, N., Application of magnetic nanoparticles in nucleic acid detection, J. nanobiotechnol., 18(1), 62 (2020).
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-020-00613-6
Tao, B. and Fletcher, A. J., Catalytic degradation and adsorption of metaldehyde from drinking water by functionalized mesoporous silicas and ion-exchange resin, Sep. Purif. Technol., 124, 195-200 (2014).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2014.01.013
Tliba, L., Edokali, M., Mehrabi, M., Glover, P. W., Menzel, R. and Hassanpour, A., Enhancing Oil Recovery with Shape-Modified Silica Nanoparticles: Efficiency in Oil-Wet Sandstone Reservoirs via Imbibition and Micromodel Approaches, Energy Fuels, 39(8), 3765-3786 (2025).
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.4c05018
To, P. K., Ma, H. T., Nguyen Hoang, L. and Nguyen, T. T., Nitrate Removal from Waste‐Water Using Silica Nanoparticles, J. Chem., 2020(1), 8861423 (2020).
https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8861423
Tolba, G. M., Bastaweesy, A. M., Ashour, E. A., Abdelmoez, W., Khalil, K. A. and Barakat, N. A., Effective and highly recyclable ceramic membrane based on amorphous nanosilica for dye removal from the aqueous solutions, Arabian J. Chem., 9(2), 287-296 (2016).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2015.05.009
Topuz, F. and Uyar, T., Cyclodextrin-functionalized mesostructured silica nanoparticles for removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, J. colloid interface Sci., 497, 233–241 (2017).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2017.03.015
Ugrina, M. and Jurić, A., Current trends and future perspectives in the remediation of polluted water, soil and air—a review, Processes, 11(12), 3270 (2023).
https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11123270
Vallet, R. M., Schüth, F., Lozano, D., Colilla, M. and Manzano, M., Engineering mesoporous silica nanoparticles for drug delivery: where are we after two decades, Chem. Soc. Rev., 51(13), 5365-5451 (2022).
https://doi.org/10.1039/D1CS00659B
Venkateshaiah, A., Černík, M. and Padil, V. V. T., Metal oxide nanoparticles for environmental remediation, Nanotechnol, Environ. Remed., x(x), 183-213 (2022).
https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527834143.ch11
Wadhawan, S., Jain, A., Nayyar, J. and Mehta, S. K., Role of nanomaterials as adsorbents in heavy metal ion removal from waste water: A review, J. Water Process Eng., 33, 101038 (2020).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2019.101038
Wan Ikhsan, S. N., Yusof, N., Aziz, F., Ismail, A. F., Shamsuddin, N., Jaafar, J. and Misdan, N., Synthesis and optimization of superhydrophilic-superoleophobic chitosan–silica/HNT nanocomposite coating for oil–water separation using response surface methodology. Nanomater., 12(20), 3673(2022).
https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12203673
Wang, D. and Wang, J., Electrospinning Polyvinyl alcohol/silica-based nanofiber as highly efficient adsorbent for simultaneous and sequential removal of Bisphenol A and Cu (II) from water, Chem. Eng. J., 314, 714-726 (2017).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2016.12.037
Wang, J., Niu, K., Hou, J., Zhuang, Z., Zhu, J., Jing, X., Wang, N., Xia, B. and Lei, L., Advanced integration of glutathione-functionalized optical fiber SPR sensor for ultra-sensitive detection of lead ions, Mater., 17(1), 98 (2024).
https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17010098
Wei, H., Gao, B., Ren, J., Li, A. and Yang, H., Coagulation/flocculation in dewatering of sludge: a review, Water Res., 143, 608-631 (2018).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2018.07.029
Wei, Y., Wu, Y. and He, Y., Soil application of SiNPs suppress pathogen population and improved plant resistance and antioxidant activity for disease management, S. Afr. J. Bot., 172, 31-41 (2024).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2024.06.049
Weiss, V., Argyo, C., Torrano, A. A., Strobel, C., Mackowiak, S. A., Schmidt, A., Datz, S., Gatzenmeier, T., Hilger, I., Bräuchle, C. and Bein, T., Dendronized mesoporous silica nanoparticles provide an internal endosomal escape mechanism for successful cytosolic drug release, Microporous Mesoporous Mater., 227, 242-251 (2016).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2016.03.017
Wilson, M., Cheng, C. Y. C., Oswald, G., Srivastava, R., Beaumont, S. K. and Badyal, J. P. S., Magnetic recyclable microcomposite silica-steel core with TiO2 nanocomposite shell photocatalysts for sustainable water purification, Colloids Surf. A: Physicochem. Eng. Aspects, 523, 27-37 (2017).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2017.03.034
WHO, WHO guidelines on protecting workers from potential risks of manufactured nanomaterials, World Health Org., 1-94 (2017).
Xu, P., Zeng, G. M., Huang, D. L., Yan, M., Chen, M., Lai, C., Jiang, H., Wu, P. H., Chen, G. M. and Wan, J., Fabrication of reduced glutathione functionalized iron oxide nanoparticles for magnetic removal of Pb(II) from wastewater, J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng., 71, 165–173 (2017).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2016.11.031
Xu, W., Wang, Y., Huang, W., Yu, L., Yang, Y., Liu, H. and Yang, W., Computer-aided design and synthesis of CdTe@SiO2 core-shell molecularly imprinted polymers as a fluorescent sensor for the selective determination of sulfamethoxazole in milk and lake water, J. sep. sci., 40(5), 1091–1098 (2017).
https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.201601180
Xue, N., Wang, X., Zhang, F., Wang, Y., Chu, Y. and Zheng, Y., Effect of SiO2 nanoparticles on the removal of natural organic matter (NOM) by coagulation, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 23(12), 11835-11844(2016).
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-6299-8
Yadav, M. and Sharma, P., Current Eco-friendly and Sustainable Methods for Heavy Metals Remediation of Contaminated Soil and Water: Special Emphasis on Use of Genetic Engineering and Nanotechnology, Pollut., 9(3), 1028-1048 (2023).
https://doi.org/10.22059/poll.2023.345177.1522
Yang, D., Song, S., Zou, Y., Wang, X., Yu, S., Wen, T., Wang, H., Hayat, T., Alsaedi, A. and Wang, X., Rational design and synthesis of monodispersed hierarchical SiO2@ layered double hydroxide nanocomposites for efficient removal of pollutants from aqueous solution, Chem. Eng. J., 323, 143-152 (2017a).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2017.03.158
Yang, D., Song, S., Zou, Y., Wang, X., Yu, S., Wen, T., Wang, H., Hayat, T., Alsaedi, A. and Wang, X., Rational design and synthesis of monodispersed hierarchical SiO2@ layered double hydroxide nanocomposites for efficient removal of pollutants from aqueous solution, Chem. Eng. J., 323, 143-152 (2017b).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2017.03.158
Yang, H. C., Pi, J. K., Liao, K. J., Huang, H., Wu, Q. Y., Huang, X. J. and Xu, Z. K., Silica-decorated polypropylene microfiltration membranes with a mussel-inspired intermediate layer for oil-in-water emulsion separation, ACS appl. Mater. interfaces, 6(15), 12566–12572 (2014).
https://doi.org/10.1021/am502490j
Yu, T., Hubbard, D., Ray, A. and Ghandehari, H., In vivo biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of silica nanoparticles as a function of geometry, porosity and surface characteristics, J. controlled release, 163(1), 46-54 (2012).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.05.046
Zeb, S., Ali, N., Ali, Z., Bilal, M., Adalat, B.,Hussain, S., Gul, S., Ali, F., Ahmad, R., Khan, S. and Iqbal, H. M., Silica-based nanomaterials as designer adsorbents to mitigate emerging organic contaminants from water matrices, J. Water Process Eng., 38, 101675 (2020).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2020.101675
Zhang, H., Dong, X., and Yang, H., Montmorillonite-mediated electron distribution of zirconium phosphate for accelerating remediation of cadmium-contaminated water and soil, Appl. Clay Sci., 236, 106883 (2023).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2023.106883
Zhang, H., Dunphy, D. R., Jiang, X., Meng, H., Sun, B., Tarn, D., Xue, M., Wang, X., Lin, S., Ji, Z., Li, R., Garcia, F. L., Yang, J., Kirk, M. L., Xia, T.,Zink, J. I., Nel, A. and Brinker, C. J., Processing pathway dependence of amorphous silica nanoparticle toxicity: colloidal vs pyrolytic, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 134(38), 15790–15804 (2012).
https://doi.org/10.1021/ja304907c
Zhang, Y., Fu, P., Ni, W., Zhang, S., Li, S., Deng, W., Deng, W., Hu, W., Li, J., Pei, F., Du, L.and Wang, Y., A review of solid wastes-based stabilizers for remediating heavy metals co-contaminated soil: Applications and challenges, Sci. Total Environ., 920, 170667 (2024).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170667
Zhao, C., Zhou, J., Yan, Y., Yang, L., Xing, G., Li, H. and Zheng, H., Application of coagulation/flocculation in oily wastewater treatment: A review, Sci. Tot. Environ., 765, 142795(2021).
