Transition Metal Doping for Sustainable Catalysis: Enhancing the Structural and Catalytic Properties of Graphene Oxide Integrated BSA-stabilized CdSe Nanoparticles
J. Environ. Nanotechnol., Volume 14, No 1 (2025) pp. 239-246
Abstract
The research work presented here describes the influence of transition metal (Fe, Ni, Co) doping in graphene oxide (GO) integrated biomolecule stabilized CdSe nanoparticles on the structural and catalytic properties. The CdSe and doped CdSe were synthesised by simple chemical co-precipitation method. These molecules were stabilized by bovine serum albumin (BSA) in order to overcome the agglomeration and achieve water dispersibility. The synthesized molecules were then made into composites by integrating with graphene oxide (GO) and characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Further, the synthesized materials were tested for catalytic reduction of p-nitro aniline into p-phenylenediamine under the optimized conditions. These results indicated that doping of cobalt has notable influence on the structural and catalytic properties. About 98.73% of conversion was achieved in the reduction reaction on using GO/Cobalt doped BSA-CdSe as the catalyst.
Full Text
Reference
Ahmed, M., Guleria, A., Rath, M. C., Singh, A. K., Adhikari, S. and Sarkar, S. K., Facile and green synthesis of CdSe quantum dots in protein matrix: Tuning of morphology and optical properties, J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol., 14(8), 5730–5742(2014).
https://doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2014.8857
Almontasser, A. and Parveen, A., Probing the effect of Ni, Co and Fe doping concentrations on the antibacterial behaviors of MgO nanoparticles, Sci. Rep., 12(1), 7922(2022).
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-12081-z
Colvin, V. L., Schlamp, M. C. and Alivisatos, A. P., Light-emitting diodes made from cadmium selenide nanocrystals and a semiconducting polymer, Nature, 370(6488), 354–357(1994).
https://doi.org/10.1038/370354a0
Dayal, S., Kopidakis, N., Olson, D. C., Ginley, D. S. and Rumbles, G., Photovoltaic Devices with a Low Band Gap Polymer and CdSe Nanostructures Exceeding 3% Efficiency, Nano Lett, 10(1), 239–242(2010).
https://doi.org/10.1021/nl903406s
Gao, K., Sun, S. and Zhang, B., Recent Advancements in the Development of Graphene-Based Materials for Catalytic Applications, ChemCatChem, 16(19), e202400696(2024).
https://doi.org/10.1002/cctc.202400696
Hu, P., Jia, D., Cao, Y., Huang, Y., Liu, L. and Luo, J., CdSe Ring- and Tribulus-Shaped Nanocrystals: Controlled Synthesis, Growth Mechanism, and Photoluminescence Properties, Nanoscale Res. Lett., 4(5), 437(2009).
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11671-009-9265-2
Huo, P., Guan, J., Zhou, M., Ma, C., Liu, X., Yan, Y. and Yuan, S., Carbon quantum dots modified CdSe loaded reduced graphene oxide for enhancing photocatalytic activity, 50, 50147–154(2017).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2017.02.008
Jain, R. and Verma, V. K., Synthesis and Characterization of CdSe Nanoparticles from Novel Cadmium Complex of Selenolate Precursor, Phosphorus Sulfur Silicon Relat. Elem., 190(11), 1749–1754(2015).
https://doi.org/10.1080/10426507.2015.1031754
Kalyan, S., Bhosale, A., Patil, P. D. and Bahadure, N. B., CuS/GO composite for high performance Lithium ion storage, 11, 100285(2022).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsadv.2022.100285
Kumar, S., Kumari, N., Kumar, S., Jain, S. and Verma, N. K., Synthesis and characterization of Ni-doped CdSe nanoparticles: magnetic studies in 300–100 K temperature range, Appl. Nanosci., 2(4), 437–443(2012).
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13204-011-0056-6
Li, R., Luo, Z. and Papadimitrakopoulos, F., Redox-Assisted Asymmetric Ostwald Ripening of CdSe Dots to Rods, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 128(19), 6280–6281(2006).
https://doi.org/10.1021/ja058102i
Liu, F., Xue, L., Xu, L., Liu, J., Xie, C., Chen, C. and Liu, Y., Preparation and characterization of bovine serum albumin nanoparticles modified by Poly-l-lysine functionalized graphene oxide for BMP-2 delivery, Mater. Des., 215, 110479(2022).
https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MATDES.2022.110479
Matthew, D. F., Jain, G. H., Nkele, A. C., Shinde, S. D., Azeez, A. A., More, M. A., Ahmed, H. I., Aher, Y. B., Sonawane, L. D., Alshoaibi, A., Ezekoye, B. A., Ekwealor, A. B. C., Ezema, F. I., Patil, D. Y. and Patil, G. E., Investigating the properties of GO/(ZnxNi1−x)O composites prepared by Sol–gel route for photocatalytic and gas sensing applications, J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron., 35(22), 1536(2024).
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-024-13262-4
Min, S. K., Joo, O. S., Mane, R. S., Jung, K. D., Lokhande, C. D. and Han, S. H., CdSe nanofiber based photoelectrochemical cells: Influence of annealing temperatures, J. Photochem. Photobiol. A Chem., 187(1), 133–137(2007).
https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JPHOTOCHEM.2006.09.016
Mohayman, Z., Ahamed, J. U., Toma, F. T. Z., Tresa, M. M., Hussain, K. M. A. and Khan, M. N. I., Exploring the influence of iron doping on structural, morphological and optical properties of chemical bath deposited cadmium selenide thin films for optoelectronic applications, Heliyon, 10(12), e33311(2024).
https://doi.org/10.1016/J.HELIYON.2024.E33311
Mousavi, S. M., Hashemi, S. A., Kalashgrani, M. Y., Gholami, A., Binazadeh, M., Chiang, W. H. and Rahman, M. M., Recent advances in energy storage with graphene oxide for supercapacitor technology, Sustain. Energy Fuels, 7(21), 5176–5197(2023).
https://doi.org/10.1039/D3SE00867C
Mullamuri, B., Bhagavathula, S. D., Kasturi, K. C. S. B. and Reddy, V., Facile synthesis of bovine serum albumin conjugated low-dimensional ZnS nanocrystals, Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 101, 729–735(2017).
https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJBIOMAC.2017.03.164
Mushahary, N., Sarkar, A., Basumatary, F., Brahma, S., Das, B. and Basumatary, S., Recent developments on graphene oxide and its composite materials: From fundamentals to applications in biodiesel synthesis, adsorption, photocatalysis, supercapacitors, sensors and antimicrobial activity, Res. Surf. Interfaces, 15, 100225(2024).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsurfi.2024.100225
Parastar, G. M., Sheshmani, S., Nikmaram, F. R. and Doroudi, Z., Synergistic potential in spinel ferrite MFe2O4 (M=Co, Ni) nanoparticles-mediated graphene oxide: Structural aspects, photocatalytic, and kinetic studies, Sci. Rep., 14(1), 4625(2024).
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-55452-4
Pérez, P. J., Sánchez, C. F., Arce, M. P., Lado, T. I., Rojas, C. M. L., Gilsanz, M. F., Gallach, P. D., Blasco, R., Barrios, B. N. and Cerpa, N. A., Stability Study of Graphene Oxide-Bovine Serum Albumin Dispersions, J. Xenobiot., 13(1), 90–101(2023).
https://doi.org/10.3390/jox13010008
Phuc, D. H. and Tung, H. T., Band Tunable CdSe Quantum Dot-Doped Metals for Quantum Dot-Sensitized Solar Cell Application, Int. J. Photoenergy, 2019(1), 9812719(2019).
https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/9812719
Rapaka, S. B., Markkandan, R., Bhagavathula, S. D., Singh, J., Dhanikonda, R., K, Sai, A. S. V. R. P. K. and Reddy, V., The Effect of Graphene Oxide on Optical, Ferroelectric, and Catalytic Properties of Protein-Encapsulated ZnSe Nanocomposite, ECS J. Sol. State Sci. Technol., 13(4), 041002(2024).
https://doi.org/10.1149/2162-8777/ad3673
Saravanan, L., Pandurangan, A. and Jayavel, R., Synthesis of cobalt-doped cadmium sulphide nanocrystals and their optical and magnetic properties, 13(4), 1621–1628(2011).
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-010-9915-4
Singh, A., Ahmed, M., Guleria, A., Singh, A. K., Adhikari, S. and Rath, M. C., An insight into the optical properties of CdSe quantum dots during their growth in bovine serum albumin solution, J. Lumin., 179, 122–131(2016).
https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JLUMIN.2016.05.058
Šutka, A., Käämbre, T., Pärna, R., Juhnevica, I., Maiorov, M., Joost, U. and Kisand, V., Co doped ZnO nanowires as visible light photocatalysts, Sol. State Sci, 56, 54–62(2016).
https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SOLIDSTATESCIENCES.2016.04.008
Ullah, K., Kim, Y. H., Lee, B. E., Jo, S. B., Zhu, L., Ye, S. and Oh, W. C., Visible light induced catalytic properties of CdSe-graphene nanocomposites and study of its bactericidal effect, 25(6), 941–946(2014).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2014.03.050
Varaprasad, K., Jayaramudu, T. and Sadiku, E. R., Removal of dye by carboxymethyl cellulose, acrylamide and graphene oxide via a free radical polymerization process, Carbohydr. Polym., 164, 186–194(2017).
https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CARBPOL.2017.01.094
Xie, P., Xue, S., Wei, J., Han, J., Zhou, W. and Zou, R., Morphology-controlled synthesis of grass-like GO-CdSe nanocomposites with excellent optical properties and field emission properties, J. Sol. State Chem., 234, 63–71(2016).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssc.2015.11.032
Yang, X., Qin, X., Yan, W., Zhang, C. and Zhang, D., Effects of Fe and Ni Doping on the Electronic Structure and Optical Properties of Cu2ZnSnS4, Crystals, 13(7), 1082(2023).
https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst13071082
Zheng, Y., Zhong, Y., Cai, Z., Gao, P. and Xu, L., Transition metal doping for tailoring magnetic properties of graphdiyne, J. Alloys Compd., 1010, 177326(2025).