A Comprehensive Study of Electric Vehicle Charging and Energy Storage System Management
J. Environ. Nanotechnol., Volume 13, No 4 (2024) pp. 493-504
Abstract
Recent EV technology research focuses on charging infrastructure and storage. In this paper, a review is conducted on off-grid (standalone), grid-connected, and hybrid charging infrastructures for electric vehicle battery charging operations. Charging techniques integrated with different grid topologies are being studied to improve EV lifetime and efficiency. EVs are multienergy systems that need optimization of power control to efficiently utilize resources. The charging methods are also reviewed to highlight a fast and efficient charging approach that prolongs cell cycle life and charges efficiently. Our methodology, results, and implications are further elucidated in the subsequent sections. Methodology that is first revealed: a variety of challenges and issues are revealed, and the various varieties of electric vehicles (EVs) are described. Secondly, the inventory encompasses the appropriate EV and ESS models. In this examination, Section 3 provides information about energy management systems and the analysis explains how EV charging loads dynamically adjust their charging expectations to align with the time-of-use power price, utilizing demand response techniques. Conclusion provides a summary of contributions and suggests a variety of potential future research areas.
Full Text
Reference
Aljehane, N. O. and Mansour, R. F., Optimal allocation of renewable energy source and charging station for PHEVs, Sustainable Energy Technol. Assess., 49, 101669(2022).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2021.101669
Cardoso, G., Stadler, M., Bozchalui, M. C., Sharma, R., Marnay, C., Barbosa-Povoa, A. and Ferrao, P., Optimal investment and scheduling of distributed energy resources with uncertainty in electric vehicle driving schedules, Energy, 64, 17–30(2014).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2013.10.092
Colmenar-Santos, A., Munoz-Gomez, A. M., Rosales-Asensio, E. and Lopez-Rey, A., Electric vehicle charging strategy to support renewable energy sources in Europe 2050 low-carbon scenario Energy, 183, 61–74 (2019).
https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENERGY.2019.06.118
Deane, J. P., Drayton, G. and Gallachoir, B. P., The impact of sub-hourly modelling in power systems with significant levels of renewable generation, Appl. Energy, 113, 152–158(2014).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.07.027
Domínguez-Navarro, J. A., Dufo-Lopez, R., Yusta-Loyo, J. M., Artal-Sevil, J. S. and Bernal-Agustín, J. L. Design of an electric vehicle fast-charging station with integration of renewable energy and storage systems, Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst., 105, 46–58(2019).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2018.08.001
EL-Fedany, I., Kiouach, D. and Alaoui, R., A smart system combining real and predicted data to recommend an optimal electric vehicle charging station, Indones. J. Electr. Eng. Comput. Sci., 30(1), 394(2023).
https://doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v30.i1.pp394-405
Gaurav, G., Nakka, J., Obulesu, D. and Arandhakar, S.. Controlling the significance of BLDC motor internal faults using dual examine algorithm in electric vehicle applications, Int. J. Power Electron Drive Syst., 14(4), 1946(2023).
https://doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v14.i4.pp1946-1954
Gerengi, H. and Sahin, H. I.. Schinopsis lorentzii extract as a green corrosion inhibitor for low carbon steel in 1 M HCl solution, Indian Eng. Chem. Res., 51(2), 780–787(2012).
https://doi.org/10.1021/ie201776q
Groppi, D., Pfeifer, A., Garcia, D. A., Krajacic, G. and Duic, N., A review on energy storage and demand side management solutions in smart energy islands, Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev., 135, 110183(2021)
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.110183
Harish, B. N. and Surendra, U., Power quality disturbance mitigation in grid connected photovoltaic distributed generation with plug-in hybrid electric vehicle, International J. Electr. Comput. Eng., 13(6), 6025(2023).
https://doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v13i6.pp6025-6036
Kapustin, N. O. and Grushevenko, D. A., Long-term electric vehicles outlook and their potential impact on electric grid, Energy Policy, 137, 111103 (2020).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2019.111103
Kondoh, J., Funamoto, T., Nakanishi, T. and Arai, R., Energy characteristics of a fixed-speed flywheel energy storage system with direct grid-connection, Energy, 165, 701–708(2018).
https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENERGY.2018.09.197
Lin, L., Shen, S., Liao, Y., Wang, C. and Shahabi, L. Shunt capacitor allocation by considering electric vehicle charging stations and distributed generators based on optimization algorithm, Energy, 239, 122283(2022).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.122283
Li, C., Zhang, L., Ou, Z., Wang, Q., Zhou, D. and Ma, J., Robust model of electric vehicle charging station location considering renewable energy and storage equipment, Energy, 238, 121713(2022).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.121713
Li, Z. and Ma, T., Distributed photovoltaics with peer-to-peer electricity trading, Energy Built Environ., 3(4), 424-432(2021).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbenv.2021.04.004
Marulasiddappa, H. B. and Pushparajesh, V., Direct torque control of electric vehicle drives using hybrid techniques, Int. J. Electr. Comput. Eng., 13(5), 5026(2023).
https://doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v13i5.pp5026-5034
Patel, D. K., Singh, D. and Singh, B., Impact assessment of distributed generations with electric vehicles planning: A review, J. Energy Storage, 43, 103092(2021).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2021.103092
Peng, W., Maleki, A., Rosen, M. A. and Azarikhah, P., Optimization of a hybrid system for solar-wind-based water desalination by reverse osmosis: Comparison of approaches, Desalin., 442, 16–31(2018).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2018.03.021
Raja, B. V. K., Raja, I. and Kavvampally, R., Advancements in battery technologies of electric vehicles, J. Phy. Conf. Ser., 2129(1), 012011(2021).
https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2129/1/012011
Schermeyer, H., Vergara, C. and Fichtner, W., Renewable energy curtailment: A case study on today’s and tomorrow’s congestion management, Energy Policy, 112, 427–436(2018).
https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENPOL.2017.10.037
Schenke, M. and Wallscheid, O., A deep Q-learning direct torque controller for permanent magnet synchronous motors, IEEE Open J. Ind. Electron. Soc., 2, 388–400(2021).
https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIES.2021.3075521
Seddig, K., Jochem, P. and Fichtner, W., Two-stage stochastic optimization for cost-minimal charging of electric vehicles at public charging stations with photovoltaics, Appl. Energy, 242, 769–781(2019).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.03.036
Shi, R., Li, S., Zhang, P. and Lee, K. Y., Integration of renewable energy sources and electric vehicles in V2G network with adjustable robust optimization, Renewable Energy, 153, 1067–1080(2020).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2020.02.027
Singh, S., Jagota, S. and Singh, M., Energy management and voltage stabilization in an islanded microgrid through an electric vehicle charging station, Sustainable Cities Soc., 41, 679–694(2018).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2018.05.055
Sterchele, P., Kersten, K., Palzer, A., Hentschel, J. and Henning, H. M., Assessment of flexible electric vehicle charging in a sector coupling energy system model – Modelling approach and case study. Appl. Energy, 258, 114101(2020).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.114101
Subramanian, V. and Das, T. K., A two-layer model for dynamic pricing of electricity and optimal charging of electric vehicles under price spikes, Energy, 167, 1266–1277(2019).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.10.171
Subramaniya Siva, A., Ganesan Ramesh Kumar, S. and Dhayalini, K., Supraharmonic mitigation in microgrid and electric vehicle charging station through multilevel converter, Ind. J. Electr. Eng. Comput. Sci., 32(3), 1309(2023).
https://doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v32.i3.pp1309-1317
Sun, B., A multi-objective optimization model for fast electric vehicle charging stations with wind, PV power, and energy storage, J. Cleaner Prod., 288, 125564 (2021).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.125564
Suroso, S., Prasetijo, H., Winasis, W., Siswantoro, H., Nugroho, D. T., Utomo, W. M. and Abu Bakar, A., Power converter for battery charger of electric vehicle with controllable charging current, Int. J. Power Electr. Drive Syst., 15(2), 968(2024).
https://doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v15.i2.pp968-977
Syranidis, K., Robinius, M. and Stolten, D., Control techniques and the modeling of electrical power flow across transmission networks, Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev., 82, 3452–3467(2018).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.10.110
van der Walt, H. L. R., Bansal, R. C. and Naidoo, R., PV based distributed generation power system protection: A review, Renewable Energy Focus, 24, 33–40(2018).
https://doi.org/10.1016/J.REF.2017.12.002
Wang, X. W., Cao, Y. M. and Zhang, N., The influences of incentive policy perceptions and consumer social attributes on battery electric vehicle purchase intentions, Energy Policy, 151, 112163(2021).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112163
Weis, A., Jaramillo, P. and Michalek, J., Estimating the potential of controlled plug-in hybrid electric vehicle charging to reduce operational and capacity expansion costs for electric power systems with high wind penetration, Appl. Energy, 115, 190–204(2014).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.10.017
Wolinetz, M., Axsen, J., Peters, J. and Crawford, C., Simulating the value of electric-vehicle-grid integration using a behaviourally realistic model, Nat. Energy, 3(2), 132–139(2018).
https://doi.org/10.1038/S41560-017-0077-9
Wu, D., Radhakrishnan, N. and Huang, S., A hierarchical charging control of plug-in electric vehicles with simple flexibility model, Appl. Energy, 253, 113490(2019).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.113490
Xu, Y., Colak, S., Kara, E. C., Moura, S. J. and González, M. C., Planning for electric vehicle needs by coupling charging profiles with urban mobility, Nat. Energy, 3(6), 484–493(2018).
https://doi.org/10.1038/S41560-018-0136-X
Yan, J., Zhang, J., Liu, Y., Lv, G., Han, S. and Alfonzo, I. E. G., EV charging load simulation and forecasting considering traffic jam and weather to support the integration of renewables and EVs, Renewable Energy, 159, 623–641(2020).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2020.03.175
Zhou, K., Cheng, L., Lu, X. and Wen, L., Scheduling model of electric vehicles charging considering inconvenience and dynamic electricity prices, Appl. Energy, 276, 115455(2020).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.115455
Mosetlhe, T., Ntombela, M., Yusuff, A., Ayodele, T. and Ogunjuyibe, A., Appraising the efficacy of the hybrid grid-PV power supply for a household in South Africa, Renewable Energy Focus, 37, 14–19(2021).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ref.2021.02.001
Li, C., Shan, Y., Zhang, L., Zhang, L. and Fu, R., Techno-economic evaluation of electric vehicle charging stations based on hybrid renewable energy in China, Energy Strategy Rev., 41, 100850(2022).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2022.100850
Bilal, M., Ahmad, F. and Rizwan, M., Techno-economic assessment of grid and renewable powered electric vehicle charging stations in India using a modified metaheuristic technique, Energy Convers. Manage., 284, 116995(2023).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2023.116995
Fang, X., Wang, Y., Dong, W., Yang, Q. and Sun, S., Optimal energy management of multiple electricity-hydrogen integrated charging stations, Energy, 262, 125624(2023).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2022.125624
Barakat, S., Osman, A. I., Tag-Eldin, E., Telba, A. A., Abdel Mageed, H. M. and Samy, M. M., Achieving green mobility: Multi-objective optimization for sustainable electric vehicle charging, Energy Strategy Rev., 53, 101351(2024).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2024.101351
Meng, W., Dongran, S., Liansheng, H., Xiaojiao, C., Jian, Y., Mi, D., Talaat, M. and Elkholy, M. H., Distributed energy management of electric vehicle charging stations based on hierarchical pricing mechanism and aggregate feasible regions, Energy, 291, 130332(2024).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2024.130332
Shezan, S. A., Ishraque, M. F., Muyeen, S. M., Ahmed, A. S., Saidur, R., Ali, M. M. and Rashid, M. M., Selection of the best dispatch strategy considering techno-economic and system stability analysis with optimal sizing, Energy Strategy Rev., 43, 100923(2022).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2022.100923
Al Wahedi, A. and Bicer, Y., Techno-economic optimization of novel stand-alone renewables-based electric vehicle charging stations in Qatar, Energy, Article, 243, 123008(2022).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.123008
Polisetty, S. P. R. S., Jayanthi, R. and Sai Veerraju, M., An intelligent optimal charging stations placement on the grid system for the electric vehicle application, Energy, 285, 129500(2023).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2023.129500
Wang, Y., Zhou, J., Sun, Y., Fan, J., Wang, Z. and Wang, H., Collaborative multi-depot electric vehicle routing problem with time windows and shared charging stations, Expert Syst. Appl., 219, 119654(2023).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2023.119654
Hajiaghaei, K. M., Golman, R., Mostafa, M., Fatemeh, G. J., Jiří, J. K., Sasan, Z., Awais, B., Gaetano, F. and Chiara, C., Designing a multi-period dynamic electric vehicle production-routing problem in a supply chain considering energy consumption, J. Cleaner Prod., (August), Article, 421, 138471(2023).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.138471
Al-Shetwi, A. Q., Hannan, M. A., Jern, K. P., Mansur, M. and Mahlia, T. M. I., Grid-connected renewable energy sources: Review of the recent integration requirements and control methods, J. Cleaner Prod., 253, 119831(2020).