Evaluation of Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Effects of Eclipta prostrata-mediated Calcium Oxide Nanoparticle-incorporated Mouth Rinse
J. Environ. Nanotechnol., Volume 14, No 1 (2025) pp. 63-68
Abstract
The study evaluates the antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties of a mouth rinse formulated with Eclipta prostrata-mediated calcium oxide nanoparticles (CaO NPs). The agar well diffusion method was used to evaluate the antimicrobial activity against oral pathogens, including Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus mutans, Candida albicans, and Lactobacillus. Results demonstrated a dose-dependent antimicrobial effect, with Enterococcus faecalis exhibiting the highest zone of inhibition (13 mm at 100 µg/ml), followed by moderate sensitivity in Streptococcus mutans and lower susceptibility in Candida albicans and Lactobacillus. Cytotoxicity, measured using the Brine shrimp lethality assay, revealed the mouth rinse to be less toxic than commercial alternatives. Statistical analysis, performed through one-way ANOVA and SPSS version 23, confirmed significant differences in microbial inhibition. These findings suggest that Eclipta prostrata-mediated CaO NPs have the potential to be an effective antimicrobial mouth rinse with low toxicity, though further research is needed to confirm clinical safety and efficacy.
Full Text
Reference
Ahmadian, E., Shahi, S., Yazdani, J., Maleki, D. S. and Sharifi, S., Local treatment of the dental caries using nanomaterials, Biomed. Pharmacother., 108, 443–447(2018).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2018.09.026
Al-Maula, B. H., Wally, Z. J., Al-Magsoosi, M. J. N., Dosh, R. H., Mustafa, R. M., Al-Nasrawi, S. J. H., Alfutimie, A. and Haider, J., Studying Effects of Calcium Oxide Nanoparticles on Dentinogenesis in Male Wistar Rats, Int. J. Dent., 1, 9983538(2021).
https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9983538
Barma, M. D., Muthupandiyan, I., Samuel, S. R. and Amaechi, B. T., Inhibition of Streptococcus mutans, antioxidant property and cytotoxicity of novel nano-zinc oxide varnish, Arch. Oral Biol., 126, 105132(2021).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio.2021.105132
Jose, J., Teja, K. V., Janani, K., Alam, M. K., Khattak, O., Salloum, M. G., Magar, S. S., Magar, S. P., Rajeshkumar, S., Palanivelu, A., Srivastava, K. C. and Shrivastava, D., Preparation of a Novel Nanocomposite and Its Antibacterial Effectiveness against Enterococcus faecalis—An In Vitro Evaluation, Polym., 14(8), 1499(2022).
https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14081499
Kumari, M., Sarkar, B. and Mukherjee, K., Nanoscale calcium oxide and its biomedical applications: A comprehensive review, Biocatal. Agric. Biotechnol., 47, 102506(2023).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2022.102506
Li, S., Tan, H. Y., Wang, N., Zhang, Z. J., Lao, L., Wong, C. W. and Feng, Y., The Role of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidants in Liver Diseases, Int. J. Mol. Sci., 16(11), 26087–26124(2015).
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms161125942
Louwakul, P., Saelo, A. and Khemaleelakul, S., Efficacy of calcium oxide and calcium hydroxide nanoparticles on the elimination of Enterococcus faecalis in human root dentin, Clin. Oral Invest, 21(3), 865–871(2017).
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-016-1836-x
Loka, S. and Anandan, J. and Shanmugam, R., Antimicrobial Activity of Calcium Oxide Nanoparticles Synthesized using Commelina benghalensis against Clinical Pathogens, Nanotechnol. Percept., 6, 421-429 (2024).
https://doi.org/10.62441/nanontp.v20iS7.36
Mohanta, Y. K., Mishra, A. K., Nongbet, A., Chakrabartty, I., Mahanta, S., Sarma, B., Panda, J. and Panda, S. K., Potential use of the Asteraceae family as a cure for diabetes: A review of ethnopharmacology to modern day drug and nutraceuticals developments, Front. Pharmacol., 14, 1153600(2023).
https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2023.1153600
Sarveswaran, S., Gautam, S. C. and Ghosh, J., Wedelolactone, a medicinal plant-derived coumestan, induces caspase-dependent apoptosis in prostate cancer cells via downregulation of PKCε without inhibiting Atk, Int. J. Oncol., 41(6), 2191–2199(2012).
https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2012.1664
Tatekalva, P., Subbaiyan, H. and Rajesh, K. S., Comparative evaluation of antimicrobial potential of herbal extracts on Streptococcus mutans and Enterococcus faecalis: An in vitro study, Bachelor Dent. Surg., 24(1), 1-7(2020).
https://doi.org/10.14295/bds.2021.v24i1.2147
Timalsina, D. and Devkota, H. P., Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. (Asteraceae): Ethnomedicinal Uses, Chemical Constituents, and Biological Activities, Biomol., 11(11), 1738(2021).
https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11111738
Yang, J., Kim, J. S., Kwon, Y. S., Seong, E. S. and Kim, M. J., Antioxidant and Antiproliferative Activities of Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. Extract and Isolated Compounds, Biomol., 28(21), 7354(2023).
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28217354
Rajeshkumar, S., Roy, A., Santhoshkumar, J. and Lakshmi T., Herbal Formulation Mediated Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles and Its Antifungal Activity Against Candida albicans, Indian J. Public Health Res. Dev., 10(11), 23-26(2019a).